Aggression In Violent Offenders Psychology Essay

Aggression In Violent Offenders Psychology Essay Anger is considered to be an innate emotion within human beings that is associated with positive and negative qualities. Subjectively, anger can range from mild to severe or from mere irritation to rage (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Anger can positively act to mobilize psychological resources, facilitate perseverance, protect self-esteem, energize corrective behaviors, and communicate negative sentiments. However, anger also holds the negative potential to cause individuals to act out violently and harm themselves or others (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). The concept of anger is considered to be multidimensional in that it involves behavioral, cognitive, physiological, and phenomenological variables (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Anger results from interactions between four dimensions such as behavioral reactions, external events, physiological arousal, and cognitive processes (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). The association between anger and distorted perceptions can result in the inability to make appropriate assessments of behaviors, attitudes, and interactions within social contexts (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Anger that has significant intensity, duration, and frequency is referred to as clinical anger. This form of anger is described as being a precursor to health and social difficulties (Gardner Moore, 2008). These difficulties can occur interpersonally, occupationally, and legally as well as could impact an individuals physical and mental health (Gardner Moore, 2008). While clinical anger does not have a criterion for diagnosis, it does serve as a contributing factor to various mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Furthermore, anger was described as being central to many forms of violence, which makes anger relevant to treating violent offenders (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Concept of Aggression Aggression is defined as behaviors that are intended to harm another person or persons (Casas, 2005). Much research addressing aggression has focused on physical acts of aggression but has since begun to expand upon the definition of aggression (Casas, 2005). Purdy and Seklecki (2006) asserted aggression is typically associated with harmful and violent acts, such as assaults and homicides. According to Beaver (2009) career criminals are more likely to use serious violence and physical aggression compared to other offenders. In addition, various aggressive and violent crimes such as robbery, assault, rape, and murder are almost exclusively confined to habitual offenders (Beaver, 2009). Tew, Dixon, Harkins, and Bennett (2012) described aggression in relation to offenders in terms of verbal and physical aggression. Verbal aggression consisted of raising ones voice, shouting, swearing, being abusive, being argumentative, conveying threats, ranting, having an outburst, initiating a confro ntation, and bullying (Tew et al., 2012). Acts such as hitting, smashing up belongings, throwing belongings, slamming doors, hitting tables, or acts that resulted in restraint are considered to be physical acts of aggression (Tew et al., 2012). Similarly, Casas (2005) described various forms of aggression. Aggression can be classified as physical aggression, indirect aggression, social aggression, or relational aggression (Casas, 2005). Casas (2005) description of physical aggression was consistent with how Tew et al. (2012) described physical aggression. Indirect aggression involves covert and harmful behavior in which a victim is not directly confronted by the perpetrator. Social aggression involves harming another individuals self-esteem, social acceptance, or social status (Casas, 2005). Lastly, relational aggression is defined as harming another in terms of damaging a relationship, feelings of acceptance, or group inclusion (Casas, 2005). In general, social and biological factors contribute to aggression (Casas, 2005). Concept of Stress The concept of stress was discussed in relation to psychological symptoms as having two primary processes including emotion regulation and coping (Watson Sinha, 2008). Fifty-percent of the variance in psychological symptoms can be accounted for via stress and coping (Watson Sinha, 2008). In psychology, the stress process encompasses cognition and emotion in which stress can be assessed in relation to an individual or a group (Valdez, 2006). Therefore, forensic psychologists are interested in how individual or group stress impacts offender populations (Valdez, 2006). Valdez (2006) discussed how stress is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a variable response or reaction that involves emotional, physiological, and behavioral coping responses to the appraised stressor (p. 446). Various coping mechanisms can be employed depending on the nature of a situation. Coping mechanisms can be emotion-focused, problem-focused, or avoidance coping (Valdez, 2006). Stress is considered to be reciprocal in that a stres sor and an individual can have an impact on each other. In this regard, coping responses are dependent upon how the stressor is perceived (Valdez, 2006). In considering the offender population, a stressor could potentially elicit a violent or aggressive response if the individual feels threatened or challenged (Valdez, 2006). Relationship among Anger, Stress, and Aggression According to Howells (2004), there is a link between anger and aggressive behavior. However, this link does not mean all anger will result in violence. In this regard, anger and aggression could potentially result in physical violence and can be useful indicators within correctional environments where the potential for violence exists (Tew et al., 2012). In relation to treatment, understanding the relationship between anger and aggression can assist practitioners reduce the risk of violence through effective protocols, treatments, and intervention strategies (Tew et al., 2012). The relationship between anger, stress, and aggression was illuminated within Komarovskaya, Loper, and Warrens (2007) discussion of impulsivity and personality disorders. The multiple diagnostic criteria of psychiatric disorders included the impulsivity construct. This construct is the inability to resist impulses and results in an individual acting in a harmful manner towards other (Komarovskaya, Loper, Warr en, 2007). Impulsivity relates back to anger and aggression in terms of their definitions incorporating the concept of harming others (Casas, 2005; Komarovskaya, Loper, Warren, 2007; Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Impulsive aggression has various contributing factors including anger. In addition, it is considered to be a reactive or emotionally charged response precipitated by a loss of behavioral control (Komarovskaya, Loper, Warren, 2007). This relates back to stress in terms of potential stressors eliciting violent or aggressive responses (Valdez, 2006). Impulsivity, anger, hostility, and antisocial personality have been identified by various studies as predictors for institutional aggression, violence, and maladjustment (Komarovskaya, Loper, Warren, 2007). Impulsivity demonstrates how anger, aggression, and stress can be concurrently present and how the relationship between the three concepts can facilitate a violent response or reaction (Casas, 2005; Komarovskaya, Loper, Warren, 2007; W right, Day, Howells, 2009). The relationship between the three concepts can also be discussed in terms of treating violent offenders. Practitioners working in various forensic settings need to consider how violent behaviors exhibited by offenders are associated with anger, stress, and aggression (Walden University, n.d.). For instance, if an individual was convicted of an assaultive, abusive, or violent crime the clinician would employ anger and stress management treatment protocols (Walden Univeristy, n.d.). Another example would be the application of mindfulness-based interventions to help alleviate cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestations of anger within a violent offender (Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). According to Wright, Day, and Howells (2009) study, mindfulness training can be used to reduce pain, anxiety, stress, depressive relapse, and psychosis. The use of cognitive-behavioral anger management therapy is another option available to clinicians for reducing violent behaviors resulting from a nger, aggression, and stress. In a meta-analysis of fifty outcome studies, cognitive-behavioral anger management therapy was found to reduce anger in 75% of the study participants (Beck Fernandez, 1998; Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Knowledge of the concepts of anger, stress, and aggression in relation to violent offenders is essential for practitioners working with forensic populations (Walden University, n.d.). Application of such knowledge will assist a practitioner with selecting an appropriate treatment strategy for the offender. This relates back the differences in how anger, aggression, and stress can manifest in an individual (Beaver, 2009; Casas, 2005; Gardner Moore, 2008; Purdy Seklecki, 2006; Tew et al., 2012; Valdez, 2006; Watson Sinha, 2008; Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). The overlap and concurrency of anger, aggression, and stress, as well as how each concept manifests within an individual should be accounted for by a clinician when selecting a treatment option for an offender (Beaver, 2009; Casas, 2005; Gardner Moore, 2008; Purdy Seklecki, 2006; Tew et al., 2012; Valdez, 2006; Watson Sinha, 2008; Wright, Day, Howells, 2009). Practitioners can apply their collective knowledge about anger, agg ression, and stress in order to maintain the general safety of all involved within a forensic treatment setting. Furthermore, that knowledge can be employed to assist the practitioner with delivering effective treatment to violent offenders (Walden University, n.d.).

Character Study of Shylock and Portia in Merchant of Venice

Character Study of Shylock and our feelings for him as the play progresses 1) He is seen as a mercenary money-lender approached by Bassoon for the loan of 3000 ducats with Antonio as the guarantor. The money is to finance Bassoon on his trip to Belmont to woo Portal whom he Is In love with. He keeps debating on whether he should lend the money. Even when Antonio is a â€Å"good† man meaning he is financially sound, yet his money is invested in goods which are in ships overseas. Therefore, his ventures are risky.How do you feel about Shylock here? Are you uncomfortable that he places so much Importance on money? ) Shylock is portrayed as a villain when he displays his unforgiving and vengeful nature. He has a deep-seated hatred for Antonio. He says,†Cursed be my tribe If I forgive him! † Shylock Is a villain here to say that he hates Antonio so much that he could swear on the name of his tribe. 3) Shylock Is crafty and pretentious. To exact his revenge, he tricks An tonio to sign a bond In return for the loan of 3000 ducats to help Bassoon.He uses words like a bond signed â€Å"in a merry sport† and â€Å"This is kind offer. † He agrees not to charge interest but prefers a pound of Notation's flesh if Antonio is not able to repay the loan. He pretends that he is not serious about the pound of flesh by saying: â€Å"If he should break his day, what should I gain By the exaction of his forfeiture? ‘ Shylock goes on to buy his favor I extend this friendship. † Antonio, being confident about the return of his investments in ships agrees to the terms of the bond. Do you see more of the villain in Shylock here?How are your feelings for Shylock here? Do you dislike him for being a schemer, for being so crafty yet so good at pretending to be friendly? Moreover, how are your feelings for him intensified at the Trial Scene when he insists n nothing but the forfeit of his bond even when Bassoon Is ready to pay him thrice the amo unt of money as stated in the bond? Do you see the villain at his worst here? Earlier on, Shylock is seen sharpening his knife to cut the flesh of Antonio and Bassoon gets so worked up that he calls Shylock a â€Å"damned, inexorable dog'.Do you feel so disgusted with Shylock at this stage as to hate him for being so cruel as to want a pound of flesh from a fellow human being? In other words, he wants Antonio dead. Quote the relevant lines spoken by Shylock from the scene and what he does to cause you to feel disgusted and even hate Shylock. 4) Yet, In some ways, Shylock Is also seen as a victim when he recounts the unkind way Antonio has treated him, does Shylock pose himself to be a victim? In Notation's favor, do you think Shylock is now a sympathetic character and deserves some pity from us?Describe how the events have turned against Shylock. Do you see him a victim here? 1)Since Shylock has attempted to take Notation's life, Antonio has the power to seize half of Shylock wealt h, while the rest of the possessions will be handed over to the state treasury. ) Shylock will be condemned to death unless the Duke officially cancels the punishment. 3) Shylock is told to fall on his knees and beg for mercy. This is a blow for someone who has so much pride in his own nation, calling his own nation â€Å"sacred†. He has lost all the dignity he had. 4)Shylock has nothing left for himself.He has lost his entire wealth and would rather die. He says: muff take my life When you take the means whereby I live. † The Duke says that the half of his possessions which should go to the state can be reduced too fine if Shylock is truly repentant. 5) Antonio adds that the fine can be polished but the half of Shylock possessions which should go to Antonio will be kept by Antonio until the death of Shylock on two conditions: 6) Shylock has to become a Christian, a religion he detests. Professing a religion should be a personal choice but he is now forced to become a C hristian. ) and the money kept by Antonio will be handed over to Lorenz who has eloped with Shylock daughter. 8) Shylock has been so smug at the Trial before the events turned against him. He has been so confident but suddenly he has become the victim of his own scheme. 9) He is alone with no one to help him. Antonio has his group of friends to support him and Portia who has come forward to help him for the sake of Bassoon. 10) Shylock is so shattered that he begs to be excused saying that he is not well. How do you feel for Shylock here? Are you sorry that he has to end this way? Has he been victimized?Character Study of Portia and our impressions of her We are told by Bassoon that Portia is a lady of â€Å"wondrous virtues†. This is all that we know of her in this scene until she presides the case between Antonio and Shylock concerning the pound of Notation's flesh that Shylock insists is legally binding and so e must have it. 1) In the Trial scene, we first see Portia (dis guised as Blather, a learned Doctor of Laws) as a gentle person who wants to settle the case in a harmonious manner and so she appeals to Shylock to show mercy towards Antonio with her eloquent speech on mercy.She touches on these aspects of mercy: a) Mercy cannot be forced and has twice the blessings. It blesses the giver as well as the receiver. Therefore, Shylock will be blessed if he shows mercy. She is hoping that Shylock will be merciful after listening to this. B) Mercy is greater than sovereignty. It is a quality shown by God. Therefore, Shylock will exhibit a godly quality when he shows mercy while he executes Justice. Portia appeals to Shylock to be merciful because if God had only acted Justly without pray for God to show us mercy, that same prayer also teaches us to show mercy to others.Portia says these words in the hope of softening Shylock hardened heart and for him to moderate his insistence on Justice, which is to demand a pound of Notation's flesh as stipulated by the bond, with a show of mercy and to spare Antonio. 2) Portia is Just and will act strictly according to the law. When Bassoon offers to pay twice the sum saying: â€Å"l will be bound to pay it ten times o'er On forfeit of my hands, my head, my heart. † Bassoon even tells Portia to tweak the law Just this once to stop the Jew from his evil doing.Yet, Portia maintains that there is no power in Venice that can alter the law. She does this to show that while she is out to help Antonio, she will not break the law and be criticized for her actions. 3) Portia is patient and perseveres to get Shylock to relent by offering him money. She gives Shylock one last chance to change his mind. She says: â€Å"Shylock, there's thrice the money offered thee. † However, Shylock insists that he has made an oath in heaven and will not want to be guilty of perjury or false swearing.Again, Portia appeals to Shylock to take thrice the amount of money and bid her to tear the bond ?†Ta ke thrice the money; bid me tear the bond. † 4) She is persistent in wanting to help Antonio and so comes up with an ingenious idea. Portia quibbles on the very words used in the bond to make Shylock become the victim of his own evil scheme Since Shylock insists on nothing but the bond, he will eave exactly that. Portia reminds Shylock that â€Å"the words expressly' are ‘a pound of flesh'. Shylock is to cut exactly one pound of flesh, no more or less.Next, there is no mention of blood?†no Jot of blood†. If he does shed one drop of Christian blood, his land and goods are to be confiscated by the state of Venice according to the laws of Venice. Portia adds: â€Å"The Jew shall have all Justice†¦ He shall have nothing but the penalty. † Being trapped by the words of the bond, Shylock asks for thrice the amount of the money as stated in the bond. ) Once she is able to get Shylock at a disadvantage, she goes all out to accomplish her mission of helpi ng Antonio. Now, it is time for Portia not to relent.She says Shylock will have nothing but Justice and his bond. Shylock then asks for â€Å"barely my principal† but Portrait's reply is that he will â€Å"have nothing but the forfeiture†. Moreover, Shylock has put himself into the power of the law in yet another way. It is stated in one of the laws of Venice that if a foreigner should attempt to take the life of a citizen , then the party whom he is scheming against has the power to seize half of he offender's wealth and the rest will be handed over to the state's private treasury.The offender is to be condemned to death unless the Duke reprieves (officially cancels the punishment) him. Shylock has attempted to take Notation's life so he has incurred the punishment that is Just mentioned. Portia tells Shylock to get down on his knees and beg for mercy. Disguise as Blather, a learned Doctor of Laws, to fool everyone in court. Not even Bassoon, her own husband is able t o recognizes her in court. She carried out her duties with dignity, starting with her eloquent speech, in the hope of moving Shylock o show sympathy towards Antonio.Even when Shylock refuses to be merciful, she does not give up but goes on to offer him money so that he will cancel the bond. However, when this fails to change Shylock mind, she becomes relentless with her ingenious idea of quibbling with the very words used in the bond, and so makes Shylock a victim of his own evil scheme. We are impressed by her intelligence and the way she handled the case so well that Shylock becomes cornered and cannot complain that she is ruthless because she is giving him exactly what he wants as stated in the bond!

Ielts Sample Writing Essay

The amount of sport shown on television every week has increased significantly and this is having an impact on live sports events. Do you think the benefits of having more televised sport are greater than the disadvantages? Sample answer It is now possible to watch live sport on television on any day of the week, and the current amount of coverage will undoubtedly increase in the near future. This is definitely affecting the live sports themselves at some ways, and there are both benefits and drawbacks to this. Why there has been so much sport broadcast? For one thing, with the development of digital broadcasting, there are more TV channels than there were a decade ago. For another thing, sport has become an important form of entertainment, appealing to both men and women. What are the benefits of the increasing televised sport programs? For the sport profession, it is advantageous to have the injection of capital provided by television companies. Large football clubs also benefit financially from TV revenue and the top players can ask for large salaries. Less popular sports also receive money that can be invested in training and awareness-raising. Moreover, there is a health benefit to some of the population, because through televised sport, more people have become interested in actually playing sport. However, there are certain disadvantages to having so much sport on television. Considering football again, many small clubs are suffering financial losses recently, as they cannot compete with the larger ones. There has been a general decline in ticket sales, especially among smaller clubs. Fewer people attend live matches at stadiums nowadays, preferring to watch the live broadcast at their comfort living rooms. What is more, ticket prices have risen dramatically. To sum up, while televised sport has created many opportunities and benefited certain individuals and clubs enormously, it has also been responsible for changing the nature of live events for ever.

Information And Communications Technology ( Ict ) For...

Governments around the world have put in place policies to encourage the growth of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they can help directly alleviate poverty by increasing income levels and creating jobs (ESCAP, 2012). At the same time, the global economy has become increasingly depended on the Information and communications technology (ICT) for market access and information. SMEs need to have access to and use of ICT to engage in the regional and global economic business networks. If SMEs cannot access to ICT, many of the SMEs are set to lose out on opportunities to integrate into the global supply chain, get potential businesses and increase their productivity or efficiency. While ICT can offer multiple benefits to SMEs, those in the Asia-Pacific region are slow to adopt ICT as they face major constraints such as high cost of equipments, limited ICT literacy, poor infrastructure, lack of government regulations for e-commerce and ICT, and poor integration into business processes (Kotelnikov, 2007). This paper aims to assess the potential benefits and challenges of using ICT for the development of SMEs in Myanmar and how the integration of ICT policies and strategies into the SME policy framework can support the development of SME sector. In order to understand the current economic development process in Myanmar, this paper will briefly explain the economic reforms and the development of SME sector as the main economic driver. The economic model of the world hasShow MoreRelatedHistory and Evolution of the Ict Industry in Zambia1049 Words   |  5 PagesTHE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING NAME: Nash H Kabunda PROGRAMME: M.Eng ICT COURSE: EEE6511 (Telecoms Industry, Policy amp; Regulation) TASK: Assignment 2 LECTURER: Dr. D. Banda HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE ICT INDUSTRY IN ZAMBIA. The first telephone exchange to be placed in Zambia was installed in Livingstone in 1913. The telephone circuit backbone infrastructure was developed in the major Zambian cities alongRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Communication On Our Society1445 Words   |  6 PagesMass Communication is the study of how people receive information through what is known as Mass Media to a large crowd of the population at the same time. Or they can also say that Mass Communication is a process of which a person, group of people, or an organization send and receive messages through a channel of communication to a large of unknown and heterogeneous people and organizations. You can think of a large group of unknown and heterogeneous people as either the general public. The senderRead MoreIct And Its Impact On America s High Tech Societies1408 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal markets, they must embrace and understand the importance of information communication technology or ICT. Any business that has to deal with consumers knows how vital the communication process is. Many consumers have dealt with a company that has poor telephone customer support and know how frustrating that can become. ICT can help by opening up other communication paths for the consumer, directly linking them to the business. One of the first things a company should understand about ICT isRead MoreIct and Business Development1432 Words   |  6 PagesICT and Business Development In line with the main priorities set by the URBACT Information Society Network, this theme focuses on business development and the role of ICT as a means of tackling economic restructuring and promoting employment and in doing so fostering social cohesion and economic inclusion. The purpose of this brief document is to act as a guide for colleagues when preparing material or presentations on this topic and to provoke discussion on the issues raised in it. BusinessRead MoreIct For The Development Of Smes Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesICT for the development of SMEs in Myanmar Governments around the world have put in place policies to encourage the growth of local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as they can help directly alleviate poverty by increasing income levels and creating jobs (ESCAP, 2012). At the same time, the global economy has become increasingly depended on the Information and communications technology (ICT) for market access and information. SMEs need to have access to and use of ICT to engage in the regionalRead MoreOutlook 2015 For The Ict Sector1588 Words   |  7 Pages2015 for the ICT sector Definition Information and Communication Technology is defined as convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks using a link system. There is a cost savings due to merge of telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management. Outlook 2015 Current Information and Communication technology includes big data, the cloud, mobile communication, and social media. These ICT developmentsRead MoreInformation And Communications Technologies ( Icts )1508 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: To date the ICT industry could be seen as one of the top sectors in the country for graduate women employment in terms of creating high quality jobs it can enforce the strength empowering the rural women in deed. As caregivers, communicators and providers women play a major role in the society. Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) help to co-ordinate some aspects of rural women’s life in developing states. As the women education rate job participation is growing graduallyRead MoreEmployment in the Information, Communication and Technology Sector1200 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment in the Information, Communication and Technology Sector Terms of Reference The purpose of this report is to fulfil the criteria laid out in the Communications and Work Experience Modules, G20001 and W200008 Introduction According to IBM, data created in the last two years account for 90% of the information available on networks and the internet. (IBM Research) As a consequence, it is not surprising that there is such high Information, Communications and Technology (ICT) skills demand. InRead MoreThe Role of Internet in Globalisation1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe rapid growth in technology which ushered in the information age has become the basis for defining power in the modern societies. It is a widely accepted fact that no modern economy can thrive without an integral information technology and telecommunications infrastructure on board. One of the reasons why the Government of Rwanda adopted national ICT policy and Plan is to influence the spread of the internet as well as the ease of access to it. International connectivity de facto prices andRead MoreManaging The Human, Financial And Physical Resources Of A Hotel1191 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Systems The organisation that I have chosen is Hotels. This is an organisation that I am very familiar with as I work part-time in a hotel. It is important to manage the human, financial and physical resources of a hotel. Thus, hotel management is concerned with activities that relate to employees (human resources), money (financial resources) and facilities (physical resources). Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the activities of a hotel are accomplished with and through